Limiting the # of operations that can be performed in a given amount of time.
client server database
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Servers can rate limit the # of requests that a client can make to limit the possibility of a denial of service (DoS) attack that can be used to try to take a service down.
You can rate limit on different qualities. You can rate limit a user, an IP or some other attribute.
A distributed denial of service DDoS attack might be harder to rate limit because this type of attack takes advantage of multiple clients to send requests.
Examples: